Have we failed them? Online learning self-efficacy of physiotherapy students during COVID-19 pandemic.

Background & Objective: The use of online learning systems during COVID-19 pandemic created concerns about students' ability to successfully navigate the online learning environment. This study aims to capture the experience and changes in self-efficacy of physiotherapy students in Jordan.

Methods: A mixed methods online survey was used. Physiotherapy entry-level students in public universities completed the online learning self-efficacy (OLSE) and the academic self-efficacy (ASE) scales. A free-entry text box was used to document the factors that augmented or reduced the perceived level of self-efficacy.

Results: A statistically significant decrease in OLSE (t = 6.043, p < 0.001) and in ASE (t = 3.960, p < 0.001) was identified. Four main qualitative themes were identified, namely: availability of time, resources and learning skills; social and psychological stress; educators' skills and access; and accepting the need for a change.

Conclusion: Contrary to expectations, the findings indicated a decrease in self-efficacy. This has implications in light of the new direction to formalise online learning in Jordanian higher education institutes post COVID-19 pandemic. Training educators as well as students on best online learning practices could increase students' perceived efficacy.