Management of atrial fibrillation in rheumatic heart disease.

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is the underlying cause of a significant proportion of atrial fibrillation (AF) in the low- and middle-income countries, while nonvalvular AF is the most common cause of AF in high-income countries. RHD is also common among African Americans, migrants, and the indigenous population of high-income countries. The onset of AF in RHD patients is a clinical marker of worse outcomes and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite RHD being a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the young in many parts of the world, it is often neglected by policymakers, the media, and even the medical fraternity. Stroke risk assessment using various risk scores has not been systematically evaluated in rheumatic AF patients. Rate control may not be ideal for symptom control in rheumatic AF patients considering the young age and an active lifestyle. There is limited information regarding the nonpharmacological management of rheumatic AF. The current management guidelines based on nonvalvular AF do not apply to rheumatic AF patients who are often younger, are women, and have fewer comorbidities. This review critically looks at specific areas such as stroke prevention with reference to direct oral anticoagulants, cardioversion, rate and rhythm control strategies, and the role of nonpharmacological methods in rheumatic AF management. Future recommendations must be cognizant of local health care systems and resourcing considering the geographic distribution of the disease.