It is estimated that more than 500 different bacterial species colonize the human gut, and they are collectively known as the gut microbiota. Such a massive bacterial presence is now considered an additional organ of the human body, thus becoming the object of an intense and daily growing research activity. Gram-negative bacteria represent a large percentage of the gut microbiota strains. The main constituent of the outer membrane of Gram-negatives is the lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Since its first discovery, LPS has been extensively studied for its structure-dependent capability to elicit a potent immune inflammatory reaction when perceived by specific immune receptors present in our body. Therefore, traditionally, LPS, due to its peculiar chemistry, has been associated with pathogenic bacteria, and it has been extensively studied for its dangerous effects on human health. However, LPS is also expressed on the cell surface of harmless and beneficial bacteria that colonize our intestines. This necessarily implies that the LPS from harmless gut microbes is "chemically different" from that owned by pathogenic ones, hence enabling successful colonization of the intestinal tract without creating a threat to the host immune system. Deciphering the structural features of LPS from these gut bacteria is essential to improve our still scarce knowledge of how the human host lives in a harmonious relationship with its own microbiota. To this end, LPS extraction and purification are essential steps in this field of research. Yet working with gut bacteria is extremely complex for a number of reasons, one being related to the fact that they produce an array of other glycans and glycoconjugates, such as capsular polysaccharides and/or exopolysaccharides, which render the isolation and characterization of the sole LPS not at all trivial. Here, we provide a protocol that might help when dealing with LPS from gut microbial species. We describe the preliminary manipulations and checks, extraction, and purification approaches, as well as the necessary chemical manipulations that should be performed to enable the characterization of the structure of an LPS by means of techniques like nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.
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ACS Omega
December 2024
Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Turkey.
This study encompasses the validation of a simple, rapid, and sensitive HPLC/UV method developed in accordance with the guidelines set by ICH Q2(R2) for obtaining the active pharmaceutical ingredient from the glycosaminoglycan family in topical formulations. Previous methods reported for analyzing glycosaminoglycans in semisolid formulations are relatively complex and time-consuming, involving extraction, purification, and derivatization. This developed analytical method allows for straightforward extraction of the active pharmaceutical ingredient from the matrix, enabling the direct injection of samples.
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December 2024
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.
Ion-containing polymers are subject to a wide range of hydration conditions across electrochemical and water treatment applications. Significant work on dry polymer electrolytes for batteries and highly swollen membranes for water purification has informed our understanding of ion transport under extreme conditions. However, knowledge of intermediate conditions (i.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWater Environ Res
December 2024
Microsystems Fabrication Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, India.
In this study, we developed an economical treatment process for highly acidic effluents from steel rolling mills containing toxic heavy metals. Our method involves a pH-dependent approach using mining waste and hydrated lime. The treatment occurs in two steps: First, metal oxides precipitate at pH 3-3.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Biol Macromol
December 2024
Department of pharmacy, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China. Electronic address:
Ophiopogon japonicus (O. japonicus) has a history of thousands of years as herbal medicine and nutritional food in China. Polysaccharides are one of the main bioactive components of O.
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December 2024
Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, Hebei, China.
Spiders are natural predators of agricultural pests, primarily due to the potent venom in their venom glands. Spider venom is compositionally complex and holds research value. This study analyzes the diversity of symbiotic bacteria in spider venom glands and venom, as well as the biological activity of culturable symbiotic bacteria.
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