Macronutrients, iron and humic substances summer cycling over the extended continental shelf of the South Brazil Bight.

We surveyed macronutrients and dissolved iron (DFe) concentrations and speciation in a transect over the shelf of the South Brazil Bight (SBB) at Santa Marta Grande Cape (SE Brazil) during a coastal downwelling episode. Driven by dominant NE winds, coastal downwelling is a common feature during the austral summer and force after water convergence, with contribution of internal wave breaking at the shelf edge, upwelling of macronutrients into the nutrient-depleted waters of the southbound Brazil Current at ~100 km from the coastline. As a result, we found a plume of high turbidity that reached the euphotic layer, a deepening of the silicate, nitrate, and phosphate isolines over the shelf and a bulging of the nitrate and phosphate isolines over the shelf edge and the slope. Our first measurements of DFe concentration and speciation in the area revealed that against prior findings in other coastal areas, macronutrients, DFe, and iron ligand cycles were disentangled. Higher DFe concentrations were often found at the surface indicating aerial deposition. Secondary DFe maxima over the sediment-water interface and in the upwelled plume indicated DFe fluxes from the sediment and from resuspended instable colloids. Iron ligand concentrations were higher than DFe concentrations in most stations with a clear land-to-ocean gradient. Subtraction of HS iron ligands revealed that except in upwelled water, the bulk of surface ligands was the result of local biological processes. The analysis of the concentrations of Fe-HS complexes showed that the contribution of HS to DFe was dominant in upwelled waters, significant in waters close to the coast, but nearly negligible in the rest of the studied area. We hypothesize that the injection of iron-humic complexes into the euphotic layer during summer upwelling episodes is the key to understanding the persistent high chlorophyll meanders found over the shelf edge of the SBB coast.