Where Is the Digitally Silent Provider? Development and Validation of a Team-Centered Electronic Health Record Attribution Model for Supervising Residents.

Problem: Providing trainees with data and benchmarks on their own patient populations is an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education core residency requirement. Leveraging electronic health records (EHRs) for this purpose relies on correctly attributing patients to the trainees responsible for their care. EHR activity logs are useful for attributing interns to inpatients but not for attributing supervising residents, who often have no inpatient EHR usage obligations, and therefore may generate no digital "footprints" on a given patient-day from which to ascertain attribution.

Approach: The authors developed and tested a novel team-centered binary logistic regression model leveraging EHR activity logs from July 1, 2018, to June 30, 2019, for pediatric hospital medicine (PHM) supervising residents at the University of California, San Francisco. Unlike patient-centered models that determine daily attribution according to the trainee generating the greatest relative activity in individual patients' charts, the team-centered approach predicts daily attribution based on the trainee generating EHR activity across the greatest proportion of a team's patients. To assess generalizability, the authors similarly modeled supervising resident attribution in adult hospital medicine (AHM) and orthopedic surgery (OS).

Outcomes: For PHM, AHM, and OS, 1,100, 1,399, and 803 unique patient encounters and 29, 62, and 10 unique supervising residents were included, respectively. Team-centered models outperformed patient-centered models for the 3 specialties, with respective accuracies of 85.4% versus 72.4% (PHM), 88.7% versus 75.4% (AHM), and 69.3% versus 51.6% (OS; P < .001 for all). AHM and PHM models demonstrated relative generalizability to one another while OS did not.

Next Steps: Validation at other institutions will be essential to understanding the potential for generalizability of this approach. Accurately attributed data are likely to be trusted more by trainees, enabling programs to operationalize feedback for use cases including performance measurement, case mix assessment, and postdischarge opportunities for follow-up learning.