Thermal lattice Boltzmann model for liquid-vapor phase change.

The lattice Boltzmann method is adopted to solve the liquid-vapor phase change problems in this article. By modifying the collision term for the temperature evolution equation, a thermal lattice Boltzmann model is constructed. As compared with previous studies, the most striking feature of the present approach is that it could avoid the calculations of both the Laplacian term of temperature [∇·(κ∇T)] and the gradient term of heat capacitance [∇(ρc_{v})]. In addition, since the present approach adopts a simple linear equilibrium distribution function, it is possible to use the D2Q5 lattice for the two-dimensional cases considered here. Thus, the present model is more efficient than previous models in which the lattice is usually limited to the D2Q9. The proposed model is first validated by the problems of droplet evaporation in open space and droplet evaporation on a heated surface, and the numerical results show good agreement with the analytical results and the finite difference method. Then it is used to model the nucleate boiling problem, and the relationship between detachment bubble diameter and gravitational acceleration obtained with the present approach fits well with previous works.