Small Animal In Situ Drug Delivery Effects via Transdermal Microneedles Array versus Intravenous Injection: A Pilot Observation Based on Photoacoustic Tomography.

Intravenous injection is a rapid, low-cost, and direct method that is commonly used to deliver multifarious biotherapeutics and vaccines. However, intravenous injection often causes trauma or tissue injury that requires professional operation. Transdermal drug delivery overcomes the aforementioned defects, and the microneedles (MNs) array is one of the most promising transdermal drug delivery platforms. Timely, precise, and non-invasive monitoring and evaluation of the effects of MNs in transdermal administration is significant to the research of drug efficiency response to specific diseases. In this sense, photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT), which provides wavelength-selective and deep-penetrating optical contrast, could be a promising imaging tool for in situ evaluation of the treatment effects. In this work, we propose the use of PACT to non-invasively assess the effects of real-time drug delivery in glioma tumors through transdermal administration with degradable indocyanine green-loaded hyaluronic acid MNs (ICG-HA-MNs). The outcome is systematically and quantitatively compared with that via intravenous injection. It is found that the photoacoustic signals of ICG in the tumor site express a faster elevation and shorter duration time in the intravenous injection group; by contrast, the photoacoustic signals demonstrate a lower intensity but prolonged duration time in the MNs group. The observed phenomenon indicates faster response but shorter drug duration for intravenous injection, which is in contrast with the lower loading but prolonged performance for transdermal drug delivery with MNs. These results exhibit good consistency with the earlier, common-sense findings reported from other aspects, confirming that PACT can serve as a potential imaging tool to precisely, non-invasively, and quickly evaluate in situ drug delivery effects and provide constructive guidance for the design and fabrication of microneedles.