Org Biomol Chem
Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan.
Published: January 2023
We report a method for the synthesis of azafluoranthenes under neutral reaction conditions in a highly atom-economical manner by the iridium-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of 1,8-dialkynylnaphthalenes with nitriles. A variety of nitriles react with methyl- or phenyl-substituted 1,8-dialkynylnaphthalenes to give a wide range of azafluoranthenes. Azafluoranthenes bearing an amino group show intense fluorescence at around 500 nm. Comparison of the fluorescence properties of amine-substituted azafluoranthenes with related compounds revealed the importance of the amine moiety for obtaining a high fluorescence quantum yield. The choice of the solvent affected the emission maxima and the fluorescence quantum yield. Azafluoranthenes bearing pyrrolidine exhibited blue-shifted emission bands in a non-polar solvent and gave a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.76 in toluene. A Lippert-Mataga plot and computational studies provide insight into the origin of the fluorescence of azafluoranthenes. Furthermore, cellular experiments using human breast adenocarcinoma cells SK-BR-3 demonstrated the feasibility of using azafluoranthenes as fluorescent probes.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ob01921c | DOI Listing |
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