Widespread transposon co-option in the germline regulatory network.

The movement of selfish DNA elements can lead to widespread genomic alterations with potential to create novel functions. We show that transposon expansions in nematodes led to extensive rewiring of germline transcriptional regulation. We find that about one-third of germline-specific promoters have been co-opted from two related miniature inverted repeat transposable elements (TEs), CERP2 and CELE2. These promoters are regulated by HIM-17, a THAP domain-containing transcription factor related to a transposase. Expansion of CERP2 occurred before radiation of the genus, as did fixation of mutations in HIM-17 through positive selection, whereas CELE2 expanded only in . Through comparative analyses in , we find not only evolutionary conservation of most CERP2 co-opted promoters but also a substantial fraction that are species-specific. Our work reveals the emergence and evolutionary conservation of a novel transcriptional network driven by TE co-option with a major impact on regulatory evolution.