Tibial nerve electrical stimulation for fecal incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Tibial nerve stimulation (TNS) therapy is widely used to treat fecal incontinence (FI), but still, some controversy exists. This study aimed to determine whether TNS could improve FI from different evaluation angles. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to provide indirect evidence of TNS treatment for FI. We searched for the original studies in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Ebsco Medline, Ovid Medline, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials published before November 31, 2021. The standardized mean difference was the efficacy analysis statistic, and the effect was expressed by the 95% confidence interval (CI). For the case series, we calculated the mean difference of the number of patients evaluated at baseline and last follow-up. Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs, four hundred and sixty participants) and eighteen case series (eight hundred and thirty-eight participants) were included in the study. The results of the RCTs showed that the number of weekly episodes of FI significantly reduced in the TNS group compared with the sham stimulation group. The results of the case series showed that TNS reduced the number of patients with FI per week. The Cleveland Clinic Florida FI Score significantly reduced. The post-treatment results of maximum squeeze pressure and maximum resting pressure were significantly different from baseline. This study showed that TNS to some extent reduced the number of patients with FI, reduced clinical symptoms, and improved anal physiological function. Despite the low quality of overall evidence, TNS still shows some potential as a safe treatment for FI.