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<PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM" IndexingMethod="Curated"><PMID Version="1">36521504</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2023</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>25</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2023</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>18</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1474-4457</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>23</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><PubDate><Year>2023</Year><Month>May</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>The Lancet. Infectious diseases</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Lancet Infect Dis</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Effects of social norm feedback on antibiotic prescribing and its characteristics in behaviour change techniques: a mixed-methods systematic review.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><StartPage>e175</StartPage><EndPage>e184</EndPage><MedlinePgn>e175-e184</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00720-4</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S1473-3099(22)00720-4</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Low-cost and low-barrier antibiotic stewardship strategies are urgently needed to deal with the widespread problem of antibiotic resistance. Social norm feedback could be a promising strategy. In this mixed-methods systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42022361039), we aimed to identify the key behaviour change techniques used in social norm feedback for antibiotic stewardship and assess their effectiveness in reducing antibiotic prescribing. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus for peer-reviewed studies published between Jan 1, 2000, and Jan 20, 2022. 3547 studies were screened, of which 23 studies reporting the effects of social norm feedback interventions on antibiotic prescribing met the inclusion criteria. 19 behaviour change techniques were tested in the included studies. The meta-analyses showed that social norm feedback is an effective strategy for reducing antibiotic prescribing, with an overall rate difference of 4% (p&lt;0&#xb7;0001). The behaviour change technique with the highest effective ratio (ER=13) was information about health consequences, followed by instruction on how to perform the behaviour (ER=9) and adding objects to the environment (ER=9). Social norm feedback is a promising strategy to reduce antibiotic prescribing, and can be incorporated into the clinical decision-making support system.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright &#xa9; 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zeng</LastName><ForeName>Yingchao</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shi</LastName><ForeName>Lin</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liu</LastName><ForeName>Chaojie</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Li</LastName><ForeName>Weibin</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Li</LastName><ForeName>Jia</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yang</LastName><ForeName>Shifang</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yang</LastName><ForeName>Xinyi</ForeName><Initials>X</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Huang</LastName><ForeName>Qixian</ForeName><Initials>Q</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yang</LastName><ForeName>Lianping</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Electronic address: yanglp7@mail.sysu.edu.cn.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D000078182">Systematic Review</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2022</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>12</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Lancet Infect Dis</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101130150</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1473-3099</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000900">Anti-Bacterial Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000900" MajorTopicYN="Y">Anti-Bacterial Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073602" MajorTopicYN="Y">Antimicrobial Stewardship</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005246" MajorTopicYN="N">Feedback</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D066262" MajorTopicYN="N">Social Norms</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><CoiStatement>Declaration of interests We declare no competing interests.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2022</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>9</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2022</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>28</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2022</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>13</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2023</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>25</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>42</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2022</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>16</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2022</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>19</Hour><Minute>2</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">36521504</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00720-4</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">S1473-3099(22)00720-4</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle></PubmedArticleSet>