Karyotype evolution of the Asterids insights from the first genome sequences of the family Cornaceae.

Cornaceae is a core representative family in Cornales, the earliest branching lineage in the Asterids on the life tree of angiosperms. This family includes the only genus Cornus, a group of ~55 species. These species occur widely in Northern Hemisphere and have been used as resources for horticultural ornaments, medicinal and industrial manufacturing. However, no any genome sequences are available for this family. Here, we reported a chromosome-level genome for Cornus controversa. This was generated using high-fidelity plus Hi-C sequencing, and totally ~771.80 Mb assembled sequences and 39,886 protein-coding genes were obtained. We provided evidence for a whole-genome duplication event (WGD) unique to C. controversa. The evolutionary features of this genome indicated that the expanded and unique genes might have contributed to response to stress, stimulus and defense. By using chromosome-level syntenic blocks shared between eight living genomes, we found high degrees of genomic diversification from the ancestral core-eudicot genome to the present-day genomes, suggesting an important role of WGD in genomic plasticity that leads to speciation and diversification. These results provide foundational insights on the evolutionary history of Cornaceae, as well as on the Asterids diversification.