Evolution of weedy giant ragweed (): Multiple origins and gene expression variability facilitates weediness.

Agricultural weeds may originate from wild populations, but the origination patterns and genetics underlying this transition remain largely unknown. Analysis of weedy-wild paired populations from independent locations may provide evidence to identify key genetic variation contributing to this adaptive shift. We performed genetic variation and expression analyses on transcriptome data from 67 giant ragweed samples collected from different locations in Ohio, Iowa, and Minnesota and found geographically separated weedy populations likely originated independently from their adjacent wild populations, but subsequent spreading of weedy populations also occurred locally. By using eight closely related weedy-wild paired populations, we identified thousands of unique transcripts in weedy populations that reflect shared or specific functions corresponding, respectively, to both convergently evolved and population-specific weediness processes. In addition, differential expression of specific groups of genes was detected between weedy and wild giant ragweed populations using gene expression diversity and gene co-expression network analyses. Our study suggests an integrated route of weedy giant ragweed origination, consisting of independent origination combined with the subsequent spreading of certain weedy populations, and provides several lines of evidence to support the hypothesis that gene expression variability plays a key role in the evolution of weedy species.