Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Molluscicidal Activity Screening of New Nicotinonitrile Derivatives against Land Snails, .

A new series of nicotinonitrile derivatives - was designed and synthesized from the starting material ()-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one () to assess their molluscicidal activity. The newly synthesized nicotinonitrile compounds - were characterized based on FTIR, H-NMR, and C-APT NMR spectra as well as elemental microanalyses. The target compounds - were screened for their toxicity effect against land snails and were compared to Acetamiprid as a reference compound. The results demonstrated that the nicotinonitrile-2-thiolate salts and had good mortality compared with that of Acetamiprid. The results of the in vivo effect of the prepared nicotinonitrile molecules , , and on biochemical parameters, including AChE, ALT, AST, and TSP, indicated a reduction in the level of AChE and TSP as well as an increase in the concentration of transaminases (ALT and AST). A histopathological study of the digestive gland sections of the land snails was carried out. The nicotinonitrile-2-thiolate salts , showed vacuolization, causing the digestive gland to lose its function. It could be concluded that the water-soluble nicotinonitrile-2-thiolate salts , could be adequate molluscicidal molecules against land snails.