Can temperature influence the impacts induced in Mytilus galloprovincialis by neodymium? Comparison between exposure and recovery periods.

Climate change-associated factors and pollutants, such as rare earth elements (REEs), have been identified as contributors to environmental changes. However, the toxicity resulting from the combination of these stressors has received little attention. Neodymium (Nd) is a REE that has been widely used, and this study aimed to evaluate the responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis to Nd exposure (10 µg/L), under actual (17 °C) and predicted warming conditions (21 °C), after fourteen days of exposure followed by fourteen days of recovery (without Nd), analyzing Nd accumulation, histopathological and biochemical alterations. The results showed that increased temperature and Nd exposure caused histopathological injuries in the gills. Contaminated mussels at 17 °C showed cellular damage, while at 21 °C, mussels were able to avoid cellular damage. After the recovery period, no improvements in gill's status were found and cellular damage was still present, highlighting the impacts caused by previous exposure to Nd.