A high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of provides insights into its environmental adaptation and population history.

is a freshwater fish with high economic value, but the lack of genome resources has severely restricted its industrial development and population conservation. Here, we constructed the first chromosome-level genome assembly of with a total length of approximately 662.13 Mb and a contig N50 was 14.02 Mb, and scaffolds covering 99.79% of the assembly were anchored to 26 chromosomes. Combining the comparative genome results and transcriptome data under environmental stress (high temperature, hypoxia and infection), the MAPK signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and apelin signaling pathway play an important role in environmental adaptation of , and these pathways were interconnected by the ErbB family and involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Population evolution analysis showed that artificial interventions have affected wild populations of . This study provides a useful genomic information for the genetic breeding of , as well as references for further studies on fish biology and evolution.