Decreased echinocandin susceptibility in causing candidemia and emergence of a pan-echinocandin resistant case in China.

is becoming a predominant non- cause of invasive candidiasis (IC). Echinocandins are the preferred choice for IC treatment and prophylaxis. Resistance to echinocandins in has emerged in several countries, but little is known about the susceptibility profile in China or about mechanisms of resistance. Here, we investigated the echinocandin susceptibilities of 2523 isolates collected from China and further explored the resistance mechanism among echinocandin-resistant isolates. Anidulafungin exhibited the highest MICs (MIC, 1 and 2 µg/mL; GM, 0.948 µg/mL), while caspofungin showed better activity (0.5 and 1 µg/mL; 0.498 µg/mL). Significantly higher echinocandin MICs were observed among blood-derived isolates compared to others, especially for caspofungin (GM, 1.348 µg/mL vs 0.478 µg/mL). Isolates from ICU and surgical wards also showed higher MICs. Twenty isolates showed intermediate phenotypes for at least one echinocandin. One was resistant to all three echinocandins, fluconazole and voriconazole, which caused breakthrough IC during long-term exposure to micafungin. WGS revealed this isolate carried a mutation S656P in hotspot1 region of Fks1. Bioinformatics analyses suggested that this mutation might lead to an altered protein conformation. CRISPR Cas9-mediated introduction of this mutation into a susceptible reference strain increased MICs of all echinocandins 64-fold, with similar results found in the subspecies, and . This is the first report of a multi-azole resistant and pan-echinocandin resistant isolate, and the identification of a conferring pan-echinocandin resistance. Our study underscores the necessity of rigorous management of antifungal use and of monitoring for antifungal susceptibility.