AI Article Synopsis
- Learning and predicting threats is crucial for animal survival, and studies in invertebrates show that the basic mechanisms of learning and memory are similar across species.
- Research on fear conditioning using electric shocks reveals that neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine play key roles in processing aversive experiences and altering behavior, with long-term changes linked to gene expression.
- This review also explores how predator-prey dynamics can enhance our understanding of fear-related behaviors and suggests avenues for future research in invertebrate fear conditioning.
Article Abstract
Learning to identify and predict threats is a basic skill that allows animals to avoid harm. Studies in invertebrates like , and have revealed that the basic mechanisms of learning and memory are conserved. We will summarize these studies and highlight the common pathways and mechanisms in invertebrate fear-associated behavioral changes. Fear conditioning studies utilizing electric shock in and have demonstrated that serotonin or dopamine are typically involved in relaying aversive stimuli, leading to changes in intracellular calcium levels and increased presynaptic neurotransmitter release and short-term changes in behavior. Long-term changes in behavior typically require multiple, spaced trials, and involve changes in gene expression. studies have demonstrated these basic aversive learning principles as well; however, fear conditioning has yet to be explicitly demonstrated in this model due to stimulus choice. Because predator-prey relationships can be used to study learned fear in a naturalistic context, this review also summarizes what is known about predator-induced behaviors in these three organisms, and their potential applications for future investigations into fear conditioning.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9686301 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1008818 | DOI Listing |
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