Malate dehydrogenase 2 deficiency is an emerging cause of pediatric epileptic encephalopathy with a recognizable biochemical signature.

Malate dehydrogenases (MDH) serve a critical role in maintaining equilibrium of the NAD+/NADH ratio between the mitochondria and cytosol through the catalysis of the oxidation of L-malate to oxaloacetate in a reversible, NADH-dependent manner. encodes the mitochondrial isoform, which is integral to the tricarboxylic acid cycle and thus energy homeostasis. Recently, five patients harboring compound heterozygous variants have been described, three with early-onset epileptic encephalopathy, one with a stroke-like episode, and one with dilated cardiomyopathy. Here, we describe an additional seven patients with biallelic variants in , the largest and most neurodevelopmentally and ethnically diverse cohort to-date, including homozygous variants, a sibling pair, non-European patients, and an adult. From these patients, we learn that MDH2 deficiency results in a biochemical signature including elevations of plasma lactate and the lactate:pyruvate ratio with urinary excretion of malate. It also results in a recognizable constellation of neuroimaging findings of anterior-predominant cerebral atrophy, subependymal cysts with ventricular septations. We also recognize MDH2 deficiency as a cause of Leigh syndrome. Taken with existing patient reports, we conclude that MDH2 deficiency is an emerging and likely under-recognized cause of infantile epileptic encephalopathy and provide a framework for medical evaluation of patients identified with biallelic variants.