Childhood sleep: physical, cognitive, and behavioral consequences and implications.

Background: Sleep problems in children have been increasingly recognized as a major public health issue. Previous research has extensively studied and presented many risk factors and potential mechanisms for children's sleep problems. In this paper, we aimed to identify and summarize the consequences and implications of child sleep problems.

Data Sources: A comprehensive search for relevant English language full-text, peer-reviewed publications was performed focusing on pediatric sleep studies from prenatal to childhood and adolescence in a variety of indexes in PubMed, SCOPUS, and Psych Info published in the past two decades. Both relevant data-based articles and systematic reviews are included.

Results: Many adverse consequences are associated with child sleep deficiency and other sleep problems, including physical outcomes (e.g., obesity), neurocognitive outcomes (e.g., memory and attention, intelligence, academic performance), and emotional and behavioral outcomes (e.g., internalizing/externalizing behaviors, behavioral disorders). Current prevention and intervention approaches to address childhood sleep problems include nutrition, exercise, cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia, aromatherapy, acupressure, and mindfulness. These interventions may be particularly important in the context of coronavirus disease 2019. Specific research and policy strategies can target the risk factors of child sleep as well as the efficacy and accessibility of treatments.

Conclusions: Given the increasing prevalence of child sleep problems, which have been shown to affect children's physical and neurobehavioral wellbeing, understanding the multi-aspect consequences and intervention programs for childhood sleep is important to inform future research direction as well as a public health practice for sleep screening and intervention, thus improving sleep-related child development and health.