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Towards an Epistemology of 'Speciesist Ignorance'.
Res Publica
February 2024
Department of Philosophy, University of Basel, Steinengraben 5, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.
The literature on the epistemology of ignorance already discusses how certain forms of discrimination, such as racism and sexism, are perpetuated by the ignorance of individuals and groups. However, little attention has been given to how speciesism-a form of discrimination on the basis of species membership-is sustained through ignorance Of the few animal ethicists who explicitly discuss ignorance, none have related this concept to speciesism as a form of discrimination. However, it is crucial to explore this connection, I argue, as ignorance is both an integral part of the injustice done to animals as well as an obstacle to improving their treatment.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBoundary-work in genomic medicine: Safeguarding the future of diagnostic next-generation sequencing in the clinic.
Soc Sci Med
November 2024
Centre for Sociological Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address:
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies - which allow to look at large parts or even the whole genome at once - are making their way into diagnostic clinical care. With trends towards 'mainstreaming' genetic services into general medicine, significant ethical challenges, and a disputed clinical utility and cost-benefit ratio, genomic medicine's autonomy and dominance in defining and offering NGS care may come under increased pressure from the outside (e.g.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe Role of Hospice and Palliative Medicine in the Ars Moriendi.
J Med Philos
October 2024
Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA.
There is disagreement among physicians and medical ethicists on the precise goals of Hospice and Palliative Medicine (HPM). Some think that HPM's goals should differ from those of other branches of medicine and aim primarily at lessening pain, discomfort, and confusion, while others think that HPM's practices should aim, like all other branches of medicine, at promoting health. I take the latter position: using the ars moriendi to set a standard for what it means to die well, I argue that if HPM's practices were to aim at mitigating suffering with little regard to promoting health, some patients would die worse deaths than if HPM's practices were to aim at health.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe ethical requirement of explainability for AI-DSS in healthcare: a systematic review of reasons.
BMC Med Ethics
October 2024
Institute of Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
Background: Despite continuous performance improvements, especially in clinical contexts, a major challenge of Artificial Intelligence based Decision Support Systems (AI-DSS) remains their degree of epistemic opacity. The conditions of and the solutions for the justified use of the occasionally unexplainable technology in healthcare are an active field of research. In March 2024, the European Union agreed upon the Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA), requiring medical AI-DSS to be ad-hoc explainable or to use post-hoc explainability methods.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWhen time is of the essence: ethical reconsideration of XAI in time-sensitive environments.
J Med Ethics
September 2024
National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Section Translational Medical Ethics, Heidelberg, Germany.
The objective of explainable artificial intelligence systems designed for clinical decision support (XAI-CDSS) is to enhance physicians' diagnostic performance, confidence and trust through the implementation of interpretable methods, thus providing for a superior epistemic positioning, a robust foundation for critical reflection and trustworthiness in times of heightened technological dependence. However, recent studies have revealed shortcomings in achieving these goals, questioning the widespread endorsement of XAI by medical professionals, ethicists and policy-makers alike. Based on a surgical use case, this article challenges generalising calls for XAI-CDSS and emphasises the significance of time-sensitive clinical environments which frequently preclude adequate consideration of system explanations.
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