A theory-driven synthesis of symmetric and unsymmetric 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane analogues via radical difunctionalization of ethylene.

1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (DPPE) and its synthetic analogues are important structural motifs in organic synthesis, particularly as diphosphine ligands with a C-alkyl-linker chain. Since DPPE is known to bind to many metal centers in a bidentate fashion to stabilize the corresponding metal complex via the chelation effect originating from its entropic advantage over monodentate ligands, it is often used in transition-metal-catalyzed transformations. Symmetric DPPE derivatives (ArP-CH-CH-PAr) are well-known and readily prepared, but electronically and sterically unsymmetric DPPE (ArP-CH-CH-PAr; Ar≠Ar) ligands have been less explored, mostly due to the difficulties associated with their preparation. Here we report a synthetic method for both symmetric and unsymmetric DPPEs via radical difunctionalization of ethylene, a fundamental C unit, with two phosphine-centered radicals, which is guided by the computational analysis with the artificial force induced reaction (AFIR) method, a quantum chemical calculation-based automated reaction path search tool. The obtained unsymmetric DPPE ligands can coordinate to several transition-metal salts to form the corresponding complexes, one of which exhibits distinctly different characteristics than the corresponding symmetric DPPE-metal complex.