Assessment of metal contamination in an urbanized estuary (Atlantic Ocean) using crabs as biomonitors: A multiple biomarker approach.

Estuarine environments, which are complex and sensitive coastal system, and are the final receptacle of several human wastes. Consequently, biomonitoring contaminants, such as metals, within these environments and developing scientific-based tools to conserve them have become particularly importat in recent years. Therefore, in the present study, we determined the levels of certain metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Ni, Cr and Fe) both in sediments and in a key ecological benthic species, the burrowing crab Neohelice granulata, in sites of the Bahía Blanca estuary (SW Atlantic Ocean) with different anthropogenic impacts. We combined these records with geochemical indices and enzymatic and non-enzymatic biochemical biomarkers as early warning signals of contamination and damage to establish an integrated metal contamination profile. Our results indicated that some metals like Cu moderately contaminate the estuary and that the primary input of metals in this area is due to malfunctioning sewage discharges. Crabs exhibited the following pattern of metal accumulation: Fe ≥ Cu > Zn > Mn > Ni > Cd. Pb and Cr were under the method detection limit, and Cu was probably bioaccumulated from sediments. Metal concentrations showed significant differences according to the sites and seasons (p > 0.05) and not strictly to the crab gender. Besides, a similar pattern was observed for biomarkers, and the integrated biomarker response allowed establishing different oxidative stress patterns, according not only to human impacts but also to the seasonal physiological needs of this species and environmental endpoints (salinity, temperature, and pH). This work demonstrates that environmental factors also affect the metal influx in crabs and the activity of biomarkers beyond the source and fate of these elements. This information is vital for future integrated monitoring programs.