Short- and long-term impacts of the COVID-19 epidemic on urban PM variations: Evidence from a megacity, Chengdu.

As the new coronavirus pandemic enters its third year, its long-term impact on the urban environment cannot be ignored, especially in megacities with more than millions of people. Here, we analyzed the changes in the concentration levels, emission sources, temporal variations and holiday effects of ambient fine particulate matter (PM) and its chemical components in the pre- and post-epidemic eras based on high-resolution, long time-series datasets of PM and its chemical components in Chengdu. In the post-epidemic era, the PM concentration in Chengdu decreased by 7.4%, with the components of PM decreasing to varying degrees. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) results indicated that the emissions from soil dust and industrial production were significantly lower during the COVID-19 lockdown period and post-epidemic era than those in the pre-epidemic era. In contrast, the contribution of secondary aerosols to PM during these two periods increased by 2.7% and 6.6%, respectively. Notably, we found that PM and its components substantially decreased on workdays and holidays in the post-epidemic era due to the reduced traffic volume and outdoor activities. This provides direct evidence that changes in the habitual behavior patterns of urban residents in the post-epidemic era could exert an evident positive impact on the urban environment. However, the higher PM concentration was observed due to the increased consumption of regular (AsS, Xionghuang in Chinese) and "sulfur incense" during the Dragon Boat Festival holiday in the post-epidemic era. Finally, we examined the potential effects of sporadic COVID-19 outbreaks on the PM concentration in Chengdu, and there was no decrease in PM during two local COVID-19 outbreak events due to the strong influence of secondary pollution processes.