Assessment of hydrophobic-ion paired insulin incorporated SMEDDS for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

To overcome the low oral bioavailability of insulin, we hypothesized that the insulin-hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP) complex incorporated self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) would be beneficial. In the present study, an oral insulin delivery system was developed and estimated using the HIP technique and SMEDDS. Further insulin-HIP complexes were characterized using various spectroscopical techniques. Additionally, insulin-HIP complexes were subjected to analysis of complexes' conformational stability in the real physiological solution using computational approaches. On the other hand, in vitro, and in vivo studies were carried out to investigate the permeability and hypoglycemic effect. Subsequently, in an in vitro non-everted gut sac study, the apparent permeability coefficient (P) was approximately 8-fold higher in the colon than in the jejunum, and the HIP-incorporated SMEDDS showed an approximately 3-fold higher P value than the insulin solution. The hypoglycemic effect after in situ colon instillation, the HIP complex between insulin and sodium docusate-incorporated SMEDDS showed a pharmacological availability of 2.52 ± 0.33 % compared to the subcutaneously administered insulin solution. Thus, based on these outcomes, it can be concluded that the selection of appropriate counterions is important in developing HIP-incorporated SMEDDS, wherein this system shows promise as a tool for oral peptide delivery systems.