Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is highly spatiotemporally varied due to the effects of complex environmental factors within a catchment or system. The seasonal nutritional status and potential risks of heavy metals in the coastal rivers of the Liaohe River basin were evaluated based on 40 water samples in January, April, May, and September. Meanwhile, the effects of environmental factors on CDOM, especially human activities, were quantitatively analyzed. The trophic state index (TSI) and the potential ecological risk index (RI) of heavy metals in the Liaohe River basin exhibited significant differences. The rivers were mesotrophic in January, lightly eutrophic in May, and highly eutrophic in April and September. An extremely high RI was shown in April and May, while a high RI was exhibited in September. CDOM exhibited great seasonal characteristics and showed significant seasonal correlations with environmental factors. Based on multiple general linear model analysis, total phosphorus (TP) was the most influential factor and significantly explained 62.1% of a(440) (p < 0.01) among the water parameters, followed by total alkalinity (38.3%). The percentages of built-up area exerted significantly positive effects on a(440) (R = 0.44), while distance from oil extraction sites significantly negatively affected a(440) (r = - 0.328, p < 0.05). Polluting enterprises showed non-significant correlation with CDOM (r = 0.314, p = 0.178).
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