Robotic Bronchoscopy for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Lesions.

Pulmonary nodules (lesions <3 cm in size) are commonly identified on computed tomographic scans, but radiographic features alone are inadequate to reliably differentiate between benign and malignant etiologies. Therefore, tissue biopsy remains the standard approach to determine the appropriate treatment course for many patients with pulmonary nodules. Although percutaneous biopsy is highly accurate, it poses substantial risks of procedural complications, including pneumothorax and bleeding. Robotic bronchoscopy has recently been developed to overcome many of the limitations of previous navigational platforms. Here, we explore the currently available systems for robotic bronchoscopy-in particular, electromagnetic-navigation robotic-assisted bronchoscopy and shape-sensing robotic-assisted bronchoscopy.