Metabolomic Profiling of the Responses of Planktonic and Biofilm to Silver Nanoparticles.

causes cholera and can switch between planktonic and biofilm lifeforms, where biofilm formation enhances transmission, virulence, and antibiotic resistance. Due to antibiotic microbial resistance, new antimicrobials including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are being studied. Nevertheless, little is known about the metabolic changes exerted by AgNPs on both microbial lifeforms. Our objective was to evaluate the changes in the metabolomic profile of planktonic and biofilm cells in response to sublethal concentrations of AgNPs using MS2 untargeted metabolomics and chemoinformatics. A total of 690 metabolites were quantified among all groups. More metabolites were significantly modulated in planktonic cells ( = 71) compared to biofilm ( = 37) by the treatment. The chemical class profiles were distinct for both planktonic and biofilm, suggesting a phenotype-dependent metabolic response to the nanoparticles. Chemical enrichment analysis showed altered abundances of oxidized fatty acids (FA), saturated FA, phosphatidic acids, and saturated stearic acid in planktonic cells treated with AgNPs, which hints at a turnover of the membrane. In contrast, no chemical classes were enriched in the biofilm. In conclusion, this study suggests that the response of to silver nanoparticles is phenotype-dependent and that planktonic cells experience a lipid remodeling process, possibly related to an adaptive mechanism involving the cell membrane.