Structural Attacks and Defenses for Flow-Based Microfluidic Biochips.

Flow-based microfluidic biochips (FMBs) have seen rapid commercialization and deployment in recent years for point-of-care and clinical diagnostics. However, the outsourcing of FMB design and manufacturing makes them susceptible to susceptible to malicious physical level and intellectual property (IP)-theft attacks. This work demonstrates the first structure-based (SB) attack on representative commercial FMBs. The SB attacks maliciously decrease the heights of the FMB reaction chambers to produce false-negative results. We validate this attack experimentally using fluorescence microscopy, which showed a high correlation ( R = 0.987) between chamber height and related fluorescence intensity of the DNA amplified by polymerase chain reaction. To detect SB attacks, we adopt two existing deep learning-based anomaly detection algorithms with  ∼ 96% validation accuracy in recognizing such deliberately introduced microstructural anomalies. To safeguard FMBs against intellectual property (IP)-theft, we propose a novel device-level watermarking scheme for FMBs using intensity-height correlation. The countermeasures can be used to proactively safeguard FMBs against SB and IP-theft attacks in the era of global pandemics and personalized medicine.