Myeloid cell subpopulations compensate each other for Ccr2-deficiency in glioblastoma.

Aims: Glioblastomas are high-grade brain tumours that are characterised by the accumulation of brain-resident microglia and peripheral macrophages. Recruitment of these myeloid cells can be facilitated by CCR2/CCL2 signalling. Besides the well-known CCR2 macrophages, we have identified microglia expressing CCR2 in glioma tissues. Thus, we investigated how Ccr2-deficiency of one of the myeloid cell populations affects the other population and tumour biology.

Methods: We generated four chimeric groups to analyse single and combined Ccr2-deficiency of microglia and macrophages. On day 21 after tumour cell implantation (GL261), we conducted flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses. Tumour volume and metabolism were determined by magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Moreover, in vitro studies were performed with primary microglia and bone marrow-derived macrophages.

Results: We demonstrated reduced infiltration of macrophages and microglia depending on the lack of Ccr2. However, the total number of myeloid cells remained constant except for the animals with dual Ccr2-knockout. Both microglia and macrophages with Ccr2-deficiency showed impaired expression of proinflammatory molecules and altered phagocytic activity. Despite the altered immunologic phenotype caused by Ccr2-deficiency, glioma progression and metabolism were hardly affected. Alterations were detected solely in apoptosis and proliferation of tumours from animals with specific Ccr2-deficient microglia, whereas vessel stability was increased in mice with Ccr2-knockout in both cell populations.

Conclusion: These results indicate that microglia and macrophages provide a homoeostatic balance within glioma tissue and compensate for the lack of the corresponding counterpart. Moreover, we identified that the CCR2/CCL2 axis is involved in the immunologic function of microglia and macrophages beyond its relevance for migration.