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The exploitation of enzyme-based cancer immunotherapy. | LitMetric

The exploitation of enzyme-based cancer immunotherapy.

Hum Cell

Central Research Cell, MM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, Haryana, India.

Published: January 2023

AI Article Synopsis

  • - Cancer immunotherapy engages the immune system to combat tumors, but tumor microenvironments often suppress immune cell activity through certain factors and immune cells, which hinders treatment success.
  • - Key immune suppressors, like myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs), form a complex network that prevents the rejection of tumors at multiple stages, leading researchers to explore ways to disrupt this suppression.
  • - Recent studies suggest that using checkpoint inhibitors and specific enzymes can reactivate the immune system against cancer by modifying the tumor microenvironment, offering new potential strategies for improving cancer treatments.

Article Abstract

Cancer immunotherapy utilizes the immune system and its wide-ranging components to deliver anti-tumor responses. In immune escape mechanisms, tumor microenvironment-associated soluble factors and cell surface-bound molecules are mainly accountable for the dysfunctional activity of tumor-specific CD8 T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and stromal cells. The myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and Foxp3 regulatory T cells (Tregs), are also key tumor-promoting immune cells. These potent immunosuppressive networks avert tumor rejection at various stages, affecting immunotherapies' outcomes. Numerous clinical trials have elucidated that disruption of immunosuppression could be achieved via checkpoint inhibitors. Another approach utilizes enzymes that can restore the body's potential to counter cancer by triggering the immune system inhibited by the tumor microenvironment. These immunotherapeutic enzymes can catalyze an immunostimulatory signal and modulate the tumor microenvironment via effector molecules. Herein, we have discussed the immuno-metabolic roles of various enzymes like ATP-dephosphorylating ectoenzymes, inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, phenylamine, tryptophan, and arginine catabolizing enzymes in cancer immunotherapy. Understanding the detailed molecular mechanisms of the enzymes involved in modulating the tumor microenvironment may help find new opportunities for cancer therapeutics.

Download full-text PDF

Source
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13577-022-00821-2DOI Listing

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