Effect of respiratory muscle training in patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of respiratory muscle training on respiratory muscle strength, lung function, cardiopulmonary fitness, and quality of life for chronic kidney disease patients.

Methods: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials published randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effect of respiratory muscle training for chronic kidney disease patients from inception to December 2021, and rerun on September 2022. The quality of included studies was evaluated according to the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool-2. The outcomes were analyzed as mean differences with a fixed/random effect model. The strength of evidence was evaluated with the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach.

Results: Eleven randomized controlled trials were included. All but two of the studies were in hemodialysis patients. The follow-up time range was 4 to 12 weeks. Compared to controls, respiratory muscle training significantly improved maximal expiratory pressure (mean difference = 17.36,  = 0.013), maximal inspiratory pressure (mean difference = 18.26,  = 0.002), forced expiratory volume at 1 second (mean difference = 0.20, = 0.020), forced vital capacity (mean difference = 0.26,  = 0.008), but not for 6-minute walk test (mean difference = 39.85, = 0.138).

Conclusions: As a non-pharmacological therapy, respiratory muscle training can effectively improve maximal expiratory pressure, maximal inspiratory pressure, forced expiratory volume at 1 second, and forced vital capacity in patients with chronic kidney disease and is safe for such populations.