Associations between parental involvement at bedtime and young children's evening cortisol and nighttime sleep.

Parents are theorized to play an important role in helping young children to downregulate arousal to achieve sufficient and good-quality sleep. To my knowledge, however, the links between parenting and children's physiological arousal at bedtime and subsequent nighttime sleep have not been empirically tested. The present study examined 3- to 6-year-old children's evening cortisol levels as a pathway linking parental involvement at bedtime to children's nighttime sleep duration and quality. Fifty-one children (53% male, 47% female; 80% White, 18% Biracial, 2% Black) and their families participated. Parental involvement (presence, contact, quiet activities) was assessed by raters from video recordings of one night of bedtime. Children's evening cortisol levels were measured from saliva samples taken at bedtime by parents across three nights. Children's nighttime sleep (minutes, efficiency) was determined from an actigraph worn the same three nights. Path analyses controlling for child and family demographics provided support for three significant indirect effects: lower child evening cortisol acted as a pathway linking greater parental presence at bedtime to more child nighttime sleep minutes and higher sleep efficiency, and lower child evening cortisol also linked greater parental contact at bedtime to higher sleep efficiency. Among this low-risk sample, the findings suggest that encouraging parental involvement in young children's bedtime routine may promote healthy sleep by way of reduced child physiological arousal.