Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3098
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 3100
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3100
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potent means of cell-to-cell communication. They are released in biological fluids, including blood, urine, and saliva, and can be exploited to identify new biomarkers of diseases. We hypothesized that EVs contain molecular cargos involved in bone metabolism, possibly mirroring biological differences between postmenopausal and disuse osteoporosis. We tested this hypothesis in primary murine osteoblasts subjected to steroid depletion or to unloading, and in the serum of animal models of osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy or hindlimb tail suspension. EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation and analysed by transmission electron microscopy, cytofluorimetry, immunoblotting and RT-PCR. Large-scale analyses were performed by Real-Time arrays and Proteome Profiler™ Antibody arrays. Finally, precise titration of analytes was carried out by ELISA assay. In vitro, we confirmed an increased release of EVs enriched in surface RANKL by primary mouse osteoblasts subjected to steroid depletion or simulated microgravity compared to controls. In vivo, circulating EVs isolated from the sera of control female mice expressed RANKL along with other genes associated with bone metabolism. Serum EVs from ovariectomized or hindlimb tail-suspended mice showed distinct molecular profiles. They expressed RANKL with different kinetics, while transcriptomic and proteomic profiles uncovered unique molecular signatures that discriminated the two conditions, unveiling exclusive molecules expressed in time- and osteoporosis type-dependent manner. These results suggest that circulating EVs could represent a new tool for monitoring the onset and the progression of diverse types of the disease in mice, paving the way for their exploitation to diagnose human osteoporosis in liquid biopsies.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9813163 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00223-022-01032-5 | DOI Listing |
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