On the significance of long-term trends in tree-ring N isotopes - The interplay of soil conditions and regional NOx emissions.

As anthropogenic nitrogen (N) emissions have been rising for decades, it is critical to develop natural archives that help understand how natural processes were modified in the past. Tree-ring δN values may represent such an indicator but its validity as faithful record of N cycling changes is still debated. Here we produce long-tree-ring δN series for five white spruce stands from two boreal regions submitted to moderate industrial N inputs. The obtained δN series show sharp differences among stands, even from the same region, despite the fact that they show similar increases in intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), a proxy for foliar strategies derived from δC values. The statistical modeling of these series and the basal area increment (BAI) of the trees allow to suggest that the mechanisms controlling the isotopic fractionation of N assimilated by tree rings are decoupled from the foliar strategies under the anthropogenic N emissions. The iWUE trends mainly reflect rise of pCO and changes in air quality. The long-term δN trends echo different biogeochemical processes responding to N deposition due to distinct original soil pH at the various sites. We contend that tree-ring δN series can record changes in the forest N cycle, but their rigorous interpretation requires laborious work, particularly an understanding of the biogeochemistry in the soil immediately around the investigated trees. "Seek simplicity and distrust it", Alfred North Whitehead.