Recent trends and developments of PCR-based methods for the detection of food-borne bacteria and Norovirus.

In recent years, rapid detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) have been continuously developed to improve the detection of food-borne pathogens in food samples. The recent developments of PCR and qPCR in the detection and identification of these food-borne pathogens are described and elaborated throughout this review. Specifically, further developments and improvements of qPCR are discussed in detecting and norovirus. Promising advances in these molecular detection methods have been widely used to prevent human food-borne illnesses and death caused by the food-borne pathogens. In addition, this review presents the limitations and challenges of the detection methods which include conventional culture method and conventional PCR method in detecting and norovirus. Furthermore, several advances of qPCR such as viability PCR (vPCR) and digital PCR (dPCR) have been discussed in the detection of and norovirus. Good practice of analysis of the food-borne pathogens and other contaminants in the food industry as well as the advancement of molecular detection methods will help improve and ensure food safety and food quality.