Genome-wide identification of the auxin response factor (ARF) gene family in and functional analysis of .

Auxin plays an essential role in flowering, embryonic development, seed dormancy, and germination. Auxin response factors (ARFs) are plant-specific key transcriptional factors in mediating the gene expression network of auxin signaling. Although ARFs in model plants such as had been well characterized, their identities and potential roles in non-model plants are less studied. Here, we performed genome-wide identification of ARFs in K. Koch, a primitive species with high taxonomic importance and medicinal values. We found 25 ARF genes in , which were widely distributed across multiple chromosomes. Based on sequence similarity, the encoded proteins could be either transcriptional repressors or activators. Gene expression analysis showed a dynamic pattern for many ARFs including during seed germination. In addition, overexpressing of showed that it restores many developmental defects in the mutant. Moreover, two phenotypically distinct transgenic lines were obtained, indicating a link between gene expression levels and developmental phenotypes. Taken together, we provided a systematic investigation of the gene family in and revealed an important role of in mediating auxin signaling.