Identification of a Quaternary rock avalanche deposit (Central Apennines, Italy): Significance for recognition of fossil catastrophic mass-wasting.

Whereas deposits of extremely-rapid, 'catastrophic' mass wastings >10 m in volume (for example, the Marocche di Dro rock avalanche in the Southern Alps and the Flims rockslide in the Western Alps) are easily recognized by their sheer mass and blocky surface, the identification of catastrophic mass wastings partly removed by erosion must be based on deposit characteristics. Herein, a 'fossil' (pre-last glacial) rock avalanche, previously interpreted as either a till or debris flow, is described. The deposit, informally called 'Rubble Breccia', is located in the intramontane Campo Imperatore halfgraben that is bounded by a master fault with up to 900 m topographic throw. Based on documentation from field to thin section, and by comparative analysis with post-glacial rock avalanches, tills and debris flows, the Rubble Breccia is reinterpreted as a rock avalanche. The Rubble Breccia consists of an extremely-poorly sorted, disordered mixture of angular clasts from sand to block size. Many clasts show fitted subclast boundaries in crackle, jigsaw and mosaic fabrics, as diagnostic of catastrophic mass wasting deposits. Intercalated layers of angular to well-rounded clasts of coarse sand to fine pebble size, and deformed into open to recumbent folds, may represent shear belts folded during terminal avalanche propagation. The clast spectrum of the Rubble Breccia - mainly shallow-water bioclastic limestones, wackestones and other deep-water limestones and dolostones - is derived from the front range along the northern margin of the basin. Calcite cement found within the Rubble Breccia was dated with the U/Th disequilibrium method to 124.25 ± 2.76 ka bp, providing an age constraint to the rock avalanche event. Because catastrophic mass wasting is a common erosional process, fossil deposits thereof should be more widespread than have been identified to date, although this may be a consequence of misidentification. The criteria outlined here provide a template to identify fossil catastrophic mass wasting deposits of any age.