Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is the latest pathology incorporated into the group of gluten-related disorders. This review addresses the evidence on its etiology, differential diagnosis and symptomatology. Although NCGS is defined by a reaction to gluten, other possible etiopathogenic mechanisms have been described, such as an inadequate response to other components of wheat or to FODMAPs, with the term non-celiac sensitivity to wheat recently being extended. There are contradictory results on the validity of the diagnostic protocol of the Salerno experts. Evidence on diagnostic biomarkers for NCGS is scarce, although some studies indicate the following: antigliadin antibodies, zonulin, ALCAT test, micro-RNA, incRNA and certain cytokines. In NCGS, abdominal pain and fatigue are the most common symptoms. In addition, altered nutritional status is common. In conclusion, more research on NCGS is needed to improve understanding of its etiopathogenesis and clinical features.
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