Serpulid reefs and their role in aquatic ecosystems: A global review.

The Serpulidae are a large family of sedentary polychaetes, characterized by a calcareous habitation tube, which they cannot leave. The calcium carbonate tube is in the form of both aragonite and calcite, in fairly constant ratio for each taxon. Tubes are cemented firmly to any hard substrate (in only few species tubes are free). Although in the majority of the species the tubes encrust the substrate for all their length, the distal part may eventually detach and grow erectly. Certain species in dense populations build tubes vertical to the substrate in clumps and cement the tubes to each other. This gives serpulids the capability of forming reef-life structures when densely settling. Despite the relative smallness of the individual tubes (rarely longer than 15cm and wider than 1cm), such reef-like structures may cover tens of m, with a layer more than 1m thick. Serpulid reefs can be divided roughly into seven groups, according to the building modality and the type of habitat they occupy: (i) pseudocolonies; (ii) littoral belts; (iii) subtidal to deep-water reefs; (iv) reefs in coastal lakes and harbours; (v) brackish water reefs; (vi) tapestries in freshwater caves; (vii) biostalactites inside marine caves. The role of serpulid reefs in the ecosystems they inhabit is multifarious and may be distinguished in functions (biomass and production, benthic pelagic coupling, resistance and resilience, reproductive and survivorship strategies, trophodynamics, bioconstruction, living space and refuge, nursery, sediment formation and retention, food for other species, carbonate deposition and storage) and services (water clearance, reef associated fishery, cultural benefits). On the other hand, many serpulids are important constituents of biological fouling, and their calcareous masses damage submerged artefacts, causing huge economic costs. Positive and negative roles of serpulid reefs need to be compared with common metrics; the overall balance, however, is still to be assessed.