sp. nov., sp. nov. and sp. nov., isolated from paddy soils.

Three bacterial strains (Red232, Red267 and Red630) were isolated from paddy soils sampled in Japan. Cells of these strains were Gram-stain-negative, facultative anaerobic, long rod-shaped with monotrichous flagella or pilus-like structures for motility, and formed red colonies on agar plates. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene and multiple single-copy gene sequences showed that the three strains formed a cluster with the type strains of species, independent from any other strain genera. Similarity values of the 16S rRNA gene sequences and genomes among the three isolated strains and the type strain of , 2CP-1, were 95.4-97.4% for 16S rRNA gene sequence, 75.3-79.5% for average nucleotide identity, 19.6-21.7% for digital DNA-DNA hybridization and 64.1-72.6% for average amino acid identity, all of which are below the species delineation thresholds. Nitrogenase genes were observed in the genomes of the three novel strains, but not in 2CP-1. Moreover, multiple genomic, physiological and chemotaxonomic features supported the discrimination between these three strains. Based on the evidence in this study, the three isolates represent three novel independent species for which the following names are proposed: sp. nov., sp. nov. and sp. nov. The type strains are Red232 (=NBRC 114074=MCCC 1K03954), Red267 (=NBRC 114075=MCCC 1K04211), and Red630 (=NBRC 114076=MCCC 1K03957), respectively.