Anesthesia Care for Cataract Surgery in Medicare Beneficiaries.

Importance: Cataract surgery in the US is routinely performed with anesthesia care, whereas anesthesia care for other elective, low-risk, outpatient procedures is applied more selectively.

Objective: To identify predictors of anesthesia care in Medicare beneficiaries undergoing cataract surgery and evaluate anesthesia care for cataract surgery compared with other elective, low-risk, outpatient procedures.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This population-based, retrospective observational cohort study included Medicare beneficiaries 66 years or older who underwent cataract surgery in 2017. The data were analyzed from August 2020 through May 2021.

Interventions (for Clinical Trials) Or Exposures (for Observational Studies): Anesthesia care during elective, low-risk, outpatient procedures.

Main Outcomes And Measures: Prevalence of anesthesia care during cataract surgery compared with other low-risk procedures; association of anesthesia care with patient, clinician, and health system characteristics; and proportion of patients experiencing a systemic complication within 7 days of cataract surgery compared with patients undergoing other low-risk procedures.

Results: Among 36 652 cataract surgery patients, the mean (SD) age was 74.7 (6.1) years; 21 690 (59.2%) were female; 2200 (6.6%) were Black and 32 049 (87.4%) were White. Anesthesia care was more common among patients undergoing cataract surgery compared with patients undergoing other low-risk procedures (89.8% vs range of <1% to 70.2%). Neither the patient's age (adjusted odds ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.02; P = .01) nor Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score (CCI of ≥3: adjusted odds ratio, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.95-1.18; P = .28; reference, CCI score of 0-1) was strongly associated with anesthesia care for cataract surgery, but a model comprising a single variable identifying the ophthalmologist predicted anesthesia care with a C statistic of 0.96. Approximately 6.0% of ophthalmologists never used anesthesia care, 76.6% always used anesthesia care, and 17.4% used it for only a subset of patients. Fewer cataract surgery patients experienced systemic complications within 7 days (2833 [7.7%]), even when limited to patients of ophthalmologists who never used anesthesia care (108 [7.4%]), than patients undergoing other low-risk procedures (range, 13.2%-52.2%).

Conclusions And Relevance: The results of this cohort study suggest that systemic complications occurred less frequently after cataract surgery compared with other elective, low-risk, outpatient procedures during which anesthesia care was less commonly used. Anesthesia care was not associated with patient characteristics, such as older age or worse health status, but with the ophthalmologists' usual approach to cataract surgery sedation. The study findings suggest an opportunity to use anesthesia care more selectively in patients undergoing cataract surgery.