Evolution of the cardiac dyad.

Cardiac dyads are the site of communication between the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and infoldings of the sarcolemma called transverse-tubules (TT). During heart excitation-contraction coupling, Ca-influx through L-type Ca channels in the TT is amplified by release of Ca-from the SR via type 2 ryanodine receptors, activating the contractile apparatus. Key proteins involved in cardiac dyad function are bridging integrator 1 (BIN1), junctophilin 2 and caveolin 3. The work presented here aims to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the cardiac dyad, by surveying the scientific literature for ultrastructural evidence of these junctions across all animal taxa; phylogenetically reconstructing the evolutionary history of BIN1; and by comparing peptide motifs involved in TT formation by this protein across metazoans. Key findings are that cardiac dyads have been identified in mammals, arthropods and molluscs, but not in other animals. Vertebrate BIN1 does not group with members of this protein family from other taxa, suggesting that invertebrate BINs are paralogues rather orthologues of this gene. Comparisons of BIN1 peptide sequences of mammals with those of other vertebrates reveals novel features that might contribute to TT and dyad formation. The analyses presented here suggest that the cardiac dyad evolved independently several times during metazoan evolution: an unexpected observation given the diversity of heart structure and function between different animal taxa. This article is part of the theme issue 'The cardiomyocyte: new revelations on the interplay between architecture and function in growth, health, and disease'.