Comments on previous psychological models: self-cultivation model.

In this article we describe four previous models based on the and their limitations. The , the most important ancient source of information on traditional Chinese culture and cosmology, provides the metaphysical foundation for this culture, especially Confucian ethics and Taoist morality. To overcome the limitations of the four previous models, we transform cultural system into a psychological theory by applying the cultural system approach. Specifically, we propose the () Self-Cultivation Model (JSM), which argues that an individual (, ) can become an ideal person, or , through the process of self-cultivation, leading to good fortune and the avoidance of disasters (, ). The state of is that of the well-functioning self, characterized by achieving one's full potential and an authentic, durable sense of wellbeing. In addition, we compare egoism () and as modes of psychological functioning. The JSM can be used to as a framework to explain social behavior, improve mental health, and develop culturally sensitive psychotherapies in Confucian culture. Finally, an examination of possible theoretical directions, clinical applications, and future research is provided.