The effects of 1,25(OH)D treatment on metabolic reprogramming and maturation in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from control and diabetic mice.

Activated dendritic cells (DCs) undergo significant metabolic reprogramming, which is characterized by an increase in aerobic glycolysis and a concurrent progressive loss of oxidative phosphorylation. The modulation of metabolic reprogramming is believed to be closely related to the function of DCs. Vitamin D has been reported to inhibit the maturation of DCs. DC dysfunction has been reported in diabetic patients, and hyperglycemia is associated with impaired glycolytic metabolism in immune cells. Therefore, vitamin D and diabetes may affect intracellular metabolism, thereby regulating the activity of DCs. We investigated the effect of in vitro treatment of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)D) on metabolic reprogramming and maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from diabetic mouse. Six-week-old male C57BLKS/J-m/m mice (CON) and C57BLKS/J-db/db mice (db/db) were fed with a 10% kcal fat diet for seven weeks. BMDCs were generated by culturing bone marrow cells from the mice with rmGM-CSF (20 ng/mL) in the absence or presence of 10 nM 1,25(OH)D. The maturation of BMDCs was induced via lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50 ng/mL) stimulation for 24 h. LPS stimulation induced iNOS protein expression and decreased the mitochondrial respiration, while increased lactate production and the expression of glycolytic pathway-related genes (Glut1 and Pfkfb3) in BMDCs from both CON and db/db groups. In LPS-stimulated mature BMDCs, 1,25(OH)D treatment decreased the expression of surface markers related to immunostimulatory functions (MHC class II, CD80, CD86, and CD40) and production of IL-12p70 in both CON and db/db groups. While the mRNA level of the gene related to glucose uptake (Glut1) was increased in both groups, lactate production was decreased by 1,25(OH)D treatment. mTORC1 activity was suppressed following 1,25(OH)D treatment. Collectively, our findings confirmed that metabolic reprogramming occurred in BMDCs following LPS stimulation. In vitro 1,25(OH)D treatment induced tolerogenic phenotypes by reducing the expression of surface markers, as well as cytokine production. However, no significant difference was observed regarding the effects of 1,25(OH)D treatment on metabolic conversion and maturation of BMDCs between the control and diabetic mice. Additionally, the decreased aerobic glycolysis induced by the 1,25(OH)D treatment appeared to be associated with the diminished maturation of BMDCs, and mTORC1 appears to play a key role in the 1,25(OH)D-mediated regulation of glycolysis.