This article presents the theory of thermopiezoelectricity in which the second displacement gradient and the second electric potential gradient are included in the set of independent constitutive variables. This is achieved by using the entropy production inequality proposed by Green and Laws. At first, appropriate thermodynamic restrictions and constitutive equations are obtained, using the well-established Coleman and Noll procedure. Then, the balance equations and the constitutive equations of linear theory are derived, and the mixed initial-boundary value problem is set. For this problem a uniqueness result is established. Next, the basic equations for the isotropic case are derived. Finally, a set of inequalities is obtained for the constant constitutive coefficients of the isotropic case that, on the basis on the previous theorem, ensure the uniqueness of the solution of the mixed initial-boundary value problem.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24091229 | DOI Listing |
Materials (Basel)
January 2025
CITAB-Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
Epoxy resins are extensively employed as adhesives and matrices in fibre-reinforced composites. As polymers, they possess a viscoelastic nature and are prone to creep and stress relaxation even at room temperature. This phenomenon is also responsible for time-dependent failure or creep fracture due to cumulative strain.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEntropy (Basel)
January 2025
Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
This study is the application of the Onsager variational principle to viscoelasticity and viscoplasticity with the minimization of the assumptions which are popularly used in conventional approaches. The conventional approaches assume Kröner-Lee decomposition, incompressible plastic deformation, flowing rule, stress equation and so on. These assumptions have been accumulated by many researchers for a long time and have shown many successful cases.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Biol Phys
January 2025
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
The present article focuses on the analysis of the two-phase flow of blood via a stenosed artery under the influence of a pulsatile pressure gradient. The core and plasma regions of flow are modeled using the constitutive relations of Herschel-Bulkley and the Newtonian fluids, respectively. The problem is modeled in a cylindrical coordinate system.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLangmuir
January 2025
Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Surface-active agents (surfactants) release potential energy as they migrate from one of two adjacent fluids onto their fluid-fluid interface, a process that profoundly impacts the system's energy and entropy householding. The continuum thermodynamics underlying such a surfactant-enriched binary-fluid system has not yet been explored comprehensively. In this article, we present a mathematical description of such a system, in terms of balance laws, equations of state, and permissible constitutive relations and interface conditions, that satisfies the first and second law of thermodynamics.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFiScience
January 2025
Anhui Key Laboratory of Mining Construction Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China.
The diversion tunnel is frequently subjected to cyclic dynamic loads during blasting and mechanical excavation. To explore the theory and mechanism of cyclic dynamic mechanical damage for granite in a diversion tunnel under cyclic loading-unloading, the incremental cyclic loading-unloading test and numerical simulation were conducted on granite samples from the diversion tunnel. According to the mechanical and deformation characteristics of rock samples in the process of cyclic loading-unloading, the stress-strain normalization theory evolution model based on viscoelastoplasticity was established, and the cyclic dynamic damage evolution mechanism of rock samples was revealed.
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