Effective uptake of folate-functionalized ethionamide-loaded hybrid system: targeting alveolar macrophages.

To assess the targeting ability of hybrid nanosystems functionalized with folate. It also aimed to reduce stomach intolerance by substituting the oral route for parenteral delivery. The nanosystems, prepared by nanoprecipitation technique, utilized a one-step method to prepare nanoparticles followed by surface functionalization through adsorption. The prepared nanosystems underwent physical characterization, and evaluations. The nanosystems were effective in targeting the alveolar macrophages. Ethionamide was released from the formulation over 5 days. Fourier-transform infrared results proved the structural characteristics, and the positive charge further improved the targeting efficacy on the functionalized system. The hybrid formulation improved the release characteristics. Reduction in dosing frequency due to prolonged release improves compliance with the dosage regimen.