Biotechnological approaches for reducing fruit losses caused by pathogenic infection.

Fruit loss due to disease occurs in both the field and postharvest. Knowledge of host immune responses and pathogen virulence is enabling the formulation of increasingly sophisticated strategies for disease control. Traditional genetic modification, typically involving overexpression of genes involved in pathogen perception and defence responses, is beginning to be superseded by CRISPR-Cas9 manipulation of host susceptibility targets. Moreover, the refinement of RNA interference (RNAi) strategies, including spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS), is allowing more nuanced control options. These latter approaches have the advantage over earlier technologies in that either they do not result in the generation of genetically modified organisms (RNAi-based SIGS), or the genetic manipulation used leaves no trace of introduced genetic material (gene editing). Thus, these strategies may be more widely acceptable for deployment for future disease control.