A rapid method for determining low concentrations of Pb in drinking water using MnO fibers.

A rapid method for determining low activity concentrations of Pb in drinking water was developed and tested. The method consists of a few stages for sample preparation that involve passing 12 L of water through a column with acrylic fibers implanted with MnO (used to adsorb Pb). The MnO fibers are oven-dried, compressed and measured by a broad-energy germanium detector used to quantify Pb via its characteristic 46.5 keV γ-ray. The time taken for sample preparation is approximately 4 h and recovery factors for lead in tap water of 87 ± 3% were achieved. After a measurement duration of 4 h, the minimum detectable activity concentration reaches 0.02 Bq/L for Pb, being well below the respective limit for drinking water in Israel (0.2 Bq/L) as well as the value recommended by the World Health Organization (0.1 Bq/L). Furthermore, a measurement duration of 48 h provides a minimum detectable activity concentration of ∼0.006 Bq/L, which is similar in magnitude to other, well-established methods that rely on lengthy and rather complex procedures. Thus, the combination of MnO fibers and gamma-ray spectrometry may be attractive for routine use by analytical laboratories that monitor radioactivity in drinking water.