AI Article Synopsis
- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious global health issue caused by the excessive use of antimicrobials in humans and animals, prompting the need for careful monitoring of their consumption, particularly in the veterinary sector in Pakistan.
- This study analyzed data from Pakistan's Customs Authority to estimate the import and use of seven Critically Important Antimicrobials (CIA-HtP) and poultry feed additives from 2017 to 2019, revealing significant amounts of these substances being used in livestock.
- The findings indicate a diverse mix of antimicrobials that are critical for human health, emphasizing the urgent need for better regulation and stewardship practices to combat the rise of AMR in Pakistan.
Article Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health emergency driven by the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents in humans and animals. Antimicrobial consumption surveillance guides its containment efforts. In this study, we estimated, for the first time, veterinary consumption of Critically Important Antimicrobials with Highest Priority (CIA-HtP) for Pakistan.
Methods: The study used an export/import database which provided imports data collected from the Pakistan Customs Authority. We investigated imports of 7 CIA-HtP and various poultry feed additives/growth promoters (FAs/GPs) identified from a survey of 10 poultry and dairy farms in Punjab province in Pakistan and a previously published study, over a three-year period of 2017-2019. Antimicrobial consumption was estimated in mg/kg of country's animal biomass.
Findings: Imports, in tonnes, for these 7 CIA-HtP were for the years 2017-19: tylosin 240.84, enrofloxacin 235.14, colistin 219.73, tilmicosin 97.32, spiramycin 5.79, norfloxacin 5.55, ceftiofur 1.02 for a total 805.39 tonnes. The corresponding antimicrobial consumption was 10.05 mg/kg of animal biomass. The poultry FAs/GPs contained: zinc bacitracin, enramycin, bacitracin methylene disalicylate, tylosin, tiamulin, colistin, lincomycin, streptomycin, flavophospholipol, tilmicosin, and penicillin with a total antimicrobial chemical compound (ACC) import volume of 577.18 tonnes for the years 2017-2019; and an estimated consumption of 96.53 mg/kg of poultry biomass.
Interpretation: These antimicrobials were a mix of macrolides, quinolones, polymyxins and cephalosporins, among which are some also on the Watch or Reserve list by the WHO, indicating the need for stewardship and to conserve essential antimicrobials to contain AMR. The finding that a yearly average of 192.39 tonnes of the ACC imported were FAs/GPs further highlight the need for stronger regulation and enforcement.
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Source |
|---|---|
| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9473402 | PMC |
| http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0273821 | PLOS |
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